"One may admit that in theory non-violence is an
infallible weapon, and that no power on earth can be a match for the
man who has achieved non-violence to the fullest extent. But is this
possible? There may be a rare yogi who can tame wild beasts like lions and tigers and render them meek
as lambs, but the average man must resort to a rifle or similar
weapon to protect himself against such beasts. You with your
wonderful power may convert others by the sheer force of your
thought, but the average man has to have recourse to worldly
remedies like a law court, pleaders and so on. Even in the dim and
distant past we rarely hear of men who practised Ahimsa in daily
affairs. Lord Buddha tried for a time to lead people along the path
of Ahimsa, but what happened after him? Society went back to its old
ways, forgetting Buddha's teaching. The past, therefore, offers
little promise, for the future, of society going along the lines of
Ahimsa any more than it has done before, and our sages, therefore,
must have wisely left the world and resorted to the forest for
practising truth and nonviolence. You may inspire a few persons to
study Ahimsa but society as a whole is not likely to take to it. The
same argument applies to India as a nation. She must needs seek
means other than those of Ahimsa in order to win her liberty. It is
idle to expect an infant learning his primer to understand a book
like Tilak's Gita. Even so is it idle to expect people steeped in
worldly pleasures to understand the infallibility of Ahimsa. Besides
Ahimsa is the final goal, attainment of which requires much greater
preparation than is required in order to obtain a degree in
medicine or engineering. We shall have to have numerous colleges and
universities for the teaching of the science and art of truth and
non-violence. Today society directs its energies to creating new
wants and satisfying them. How do you expect it to turn those
energies in the direction of researches in Ahimsa?" The doubt and
difficulties raised by this correspondent occur to others also, and
I have on various occasions tried to solve them too. But when the
Working Committee of the Congress has been instrumental in making of
Ahimsa a live issue, it seems necessary to deal with these doubts
and difficulties at some length.
The correspondent doubts in substance the universal
application of Ahimsa, and asserts that society has made little
progress towards it. Teachers like Buddha arose and made some effort
with some little success perhaps in their lifetime, but society is
just where it was in spite of them.
The last statement is incorrect inasmuch as the
Congress has adhered to non-violence as the means for the
attainment of Swaraj. It has indeed gone a step further. The
question having been raised as to whether non-violence continues to
be the weapon against all internal disturbances, the A. I. C. C.
clearly gave the answer in the affirmative. And then even on this
matter there was a considerable body of the members of the A. I. C.
C. who voted against the resolution. This dissent has got to be
reckoned with when the question voted upon is one of principle. The
Congress policy must always be decided by a majority vote, but it
does not cancel the minority vote. It stands. When there is no
principle involved and there is a programme to be carried out, the
minority has got to follow the majority. But where there is a
principle involved, the dissent stands, and it is bound to express
itself in practice when the occasion arises.
Now for the argument that I am but a rare individual,
and that what little society has done in the matter of Ahimsa is due
to my influence, and that it is sure to disappear with me. This is
not right. The Congress has a number of leaders who can think for
themselves. The Maulana is a great thinker of keen intellect and
vast reading. Few can equal him in his Arabic and Persian
scholarship. Experience has taught him that Ahimsa alone can make
India free. It was he who insisted on the resolution accepting
Ahimsa as a weapon against internal disturbances. Pandit Jawaharlal
is not a man to stand in awe of anyone. His study of history and
contemporary events is second to none. It is after mature thought
that he has accepted Ahimsa as a means for the attainment of Swaraj.
It is true that he has said that he would not hesitate to accept
Swaraj if non-violence failed and it could be won by means of
violence. But that is not relevant to the present issue. There are
not a few other big names in the Congress who believe in Ahimsa as
the only weapon at least for the attainment of Swaraj. To think that
all of them will give up the way of Ahimsa as soon as I am gone, is
to insult them and to insult human nature. We must believe that
everyone can think for himself. Mutual respect to that extent is
essential for progress. By crediting our companions with independent
judgment we strengthen them and make it easy for them to be
independent-minded even if they are proved to be weak.
If we turn our eyes to the time of which history has
any record down to our own time, we shall find that man has been
steadily progressing towards Ahimsa. Our remote ancestors were
cannibals. Then came a time when they were fed up with cannibalism
and they began to live on chase. Next came a stage when man was
ashamed of leading the life of a wandering hunter. He therefore took
to agriculture and depended principally on mother earth for his
food. Thus from being a nomad he settled down to civilized stable
life, founded villages and towns, and from member of a family he
became member of a community and a nation. All these are signs of
progressive Ahimsa and diminishing Himsa. Had it been otherwise, the
human species should have been extinct by now, even as many of the
lower species have disappeared.
Prophets and avatars have also taught the
lesson of Ahimsa more or less. Not one of them has professed to
teach Himsa. And how should it be otherwise? Himsa does not need to
be taught. Man as animal is violent, but as Spirit is non-violent.
The moment he awakes to the Spirit within he cannot remain violent.
Either he progresses towards Ahimsa or rushes to his doom. That is
why the prophets and avatars have taught the lessons of
truth, harmony, brotherhood, justice, etc. — all attributes of
Ahimsa.
And yet violence seems to persist, even to the extent
of thinking people like the correspondent regarding it as the final
weapon. But, as I have shown, history and experience are against
him. If we believe that mankind has steadily progressed towards
Ahimsa, it follows that it has to progress towards it still further.
Nothing in this world is static, everything is kinetic. If there is
no progression, then there is inevitable retrogression. No one can
remain without the eternal cycle, unless it be God Himself.
The present war is the saturation point in violence.
It spells to my mind also its doom. Daily I have testimony of the
fact that Ahimsa was never before appreciated by mankind as it is
today. All the testimony from the West that I continue to receive
points in the same direction. The Congress has pledged itself to
Ahimsa however limited. I invite the correspondent and doubters like
him to shed their doubts and plunge confidently into the sacred
sacrificial fire of Ahimsa. Then I have little doubt that the
Congress will retrace its step. "It is always willing Well has
Pritam, our poet, sung:
Happiest are those that plunge in the fire, the
lookers-on are all but scorched by flames.
Sevagram,
5-8-'40
Harijan, 11-0-1940