A correspondent asks some pertinent questions in the following pungent fashion:
"When the Zulus broke out for liberty against the British usurpers, you helped the British
in suppressing the so-called rebellion. Is it a rebellion to try to shake off
the foreign yoke? Was Jean D'arc a rebel? Was George Washington a rebel? Is De
Valera one ? You may say that the Zulus had recourse to violence. I then ask,
was the end bad or the means? The latter may have been so, but certainly not the
former; so you will be kind enough to explain the riddle. In the last war, when
the gallant Germans and Austrians were fighting so bravely against a world
combination, you raised recruits for the British to fight against the nations
that had done India no harm. Whenever there is a war between two races, one has
to hear both parties before coming to a decision either for or against any of
them. In the last war we had a one-sided version only, and that from a nation
certainly not renowned for truthfulness or honesty. You have all along been an
advocate of passive resistance and non-violence. Why then did you induce people
to take part in a war the merits of which they knew not, and for the
aggrandizement of a race so miserably wallowing in the mire of imperialism? You
may say you had faith in the British bureaucracy. Is it possible for any person
to have faith in an alien people, all whose acts have run so glaringly counter
to their promises? It cannot have been so with a person of such high
attainments as yourself. So you will please answer the second riddle.
"There is another point to which I should like to refer. You are an advocate of
non-violence. Under the present circumstances we should be strictly non-violent.
But when India will be free, should we strictly eschew arms even if a foreign
nation invaded us? Would you also boycott railways and telegraphs and steamers
even when they will have ceased to promote exports of the products of our soil?"
I hear and read many charges of inconsistency about myself. But I do not answer them as
they do not affect anyone but myself. The questions, however, raised by the
correspondent are of general importance and deserve notice. They are by no means
new to me. But I do not remember having answered them in the columns of Young
India.
Not only did I offer my services at the time of the Zulu Revolt but before that, at the
time of the Boer War, and not only did I raise recruits in India during the late
war, but I raised an ambulance corps in 1914 in London. If, therefore, I have
sinned, the cup of my sins is full to the brim. I lost no occasion of serving
the Government at all times. Two questions presented themselves to me during all
those crises. What was my duty as a citizen of the empire as I then believed
myself to be, and what was my duty as an out-and-out believer in the religion of
Ahimsa — non-violence ?
I know now that I was wrong in thinking that I was a citizen of the empire. But on
those four occasions I did honestly believe that, in spite of the many
disabilities that my country was labouring under, it was making its way towards
freedom, and that on the whole the government from the popular standpoint was
not wholly bad, and that the British administrators were honest though insular
ancj dense. Holding that view, I set about doing what an ordinary Englishman
would do in the circumstances. I was not wise or important enough to take
independent action. I had no business to judge or scrutinize ministerial
decisions with the solemnity of a tribunal. I did not impute malice to the
ministers either at the time of the Boar War, the Zulu Revolt or the late war. I
did not consider Englishmen, nor do I now consider them, as particularly bad or
worse than other human beings. I considered and still consider them to be as
capable of high motives and actions as any- other body of men, and equally
capable of making mistakes. I therefore felt that I sufficiently discharged my
duty as a man and a citizen by offering my humble services to the empire in the
hour of its need whether local or general. That is how I would expect every
Indian to act by his country under Swaraj. I should be deeply distressed, if on
every conceivable occasion every one of us were to be a law Unto oneself and to
scrutinize in golden scales every action of our future National Assembly. I
would surrender my judgment in most matters to national representatives, taking
particular care in making my choice of such representatives. I know that in no
other manner would a democratic government be possible for one single day.
The whole situation is now changed for me. My eyes, I fancy, are opened. Experience has
made me wiser. I consider the existing system of government to be wholly bad and
requiring special national effort to end or mend it. It does not possess within
itself any capacity for self-improvement. That I still believe many English
administrators to be honest does not assist me, because I consider them to be
as blind and deluded as I was myself. Therefore I can take no pride in calling
the empire mine or describing myself as a citizen. On the contrary, I fully
realize that I am a pariah — untouchable of the empire. I must, therefore,
constantly pray for its radical reconstruction or total destruction, even as a
Hindu pariah would be fully justified in so praying about Hinduism or Hindu
society.
The next point, that of Ahimsa, is more abstruse. My conception of Ahimsa impels me
always to dissociate myself from almost every one of the activities I am engaged
in. My soul refuses to be satisfied so long as it is a helpless witness of a
single wrong or a single misery. But it is not possible for me — a weak, frail,
miserable being —to mend every wrong or to hold myself free of blame for all the
wrong I see. The spirit in me pulls one way, the flesh in me pulls in the
opposite direction. There is freedom from the action of these two forces, but
that freedom is attainable only by slow and painful stages. I can attain freedom
not by a mechanical refusal to act, but only by intelligent action in a detached
manner. This struggle resolves itself into an incessant crucifixion of the flesh
so that the spirit may become entirely free.
I was, again, an ordinary citizen no wiser than my fellows, myself believing in Ahimsa
and the rest not believing in it at all but refusing to do their duty of
assisting the government because they were actuated by anger and malice. They
were refusing out of their ignorance and weakness. As a fellow worker it became
my duty to guide them aright. I therefore placed before them their clear duty,
explained the doctrine of Ahimsa to them, and let them make their choice, which
they did. I do not repent of my action in terms of Ahimsa. For, under Swaraj too
I would not hesitate to advise those who would bear arms to do so and fight for
the country.
That brings to me the second question. Under Swaraj of my dream there is no necessity
for arms at all. But I do not expect that dream to materialize in its fullness
as a result of the present effort, first because, the effort is not directed to
that end as an immediate goal, and secondly because, I do not consider myself
advanced enough to be able to prescribe a detailed course of conduct to the
nation for such preparation. I am still myself too full of passion and other
frailties of human nature to feel the call or the capacity. All I claim for
myself is that I am incessantly trying to overcome every one of my weaknesses. I
have attained great capacity, I believe, for suppressing and curbing my senses,
but I have not become incapable of sin, i.e. of being acted upon by my senses. I
believe it to be possible for every human being to attain that blessed and
indescribable sinless state in which he feels within himself the presence of God
to the exclusion of everything else. It is, I must confess, as yet a distant
scene. And therefore it is not possible for me to show the nation a present way
to complete non-violence in practice.
Young India, 17-11-1921